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QTI

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The IMS[clarification needed] Question and Test Interoperability (QTI) specification defines a standard format for the representation of assessment content and results, supporting the exchange of this material between authoring and delivery systems, repositories and other learning and learning content management systems (LMS and LCMS, respectively).[citation needed] As reported by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), an organisation that "supports UK post-16 and higher education and research by providing leadership" in uses of communications and information technologies "in support of learning, teaching, research and administration", the phrase "question and test interoperability (QTI)" is defined as a

Specification for tests and items which allows these to be authored and delivered on multiple systems interchangeably. It is designed to facilitate interoperability between systems.[1]

The specification consists of a data model that defines the structure of questions, assessments and results from questions and assessments together with an XML data binding that essentially defines a language for interchanging questions and other assessment material.[citation needed] The XML binding is used for exchanging questions between different authoring tools and by publishers. The assessment and results parts of the specification are less widely used.[citation needed]

The standard is mainly implemented by commercial products; few open source assessment systems support it, and the most popular open source learning management systems limit support.[citation needed] (Moodle[clarification needed] does not support it, and Canvas[clarification needed] only supports the old 1.2 version.[original research?][citation needed]) The fact that you have to register to download the specs begs the openness of the standard.[editorializing][citation needed]

Background

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QTI was produced by the IMS[clarification needed] Global Learning Consortium (IMS GLC),[needs update] which is an industry and academic consortium that develops specifications for interoperable learning technology.[citation needed] QTI was inspired by the need for interoperability in question design, and to avoid people losing or having to re-type questions when technology changes.[citation needed] Developing and validating good questions can be time consuming, and it is desirable[according to whom?] to be able to create them in a platform and technology neutral format.[citation needed] As of this date,[when?] IMS[clarification needed] has less than 800 members and is not the voice for the entire industry.[according to whom?] You cannot use the QTI name in anything other than an RFP[clarification needed] according to their website.[original research?][2][failed verification]

QTI version 1.0 was materially based on a proprietary Questions Markup Language (QML) language defined by QuestionMark, but the language has evolved over the years and can now describe almost any reasonable question that one might want to describe.[citation needed] (QML is still in use by Questionmark.[citation needed])

Version 2.0 was finalized in 2005 and addressed the item (that is, the individual question) level of the specification only; a draft version of Version 2.1, which covered the structure of tests and results, was also released in 2005.[citation needed] Because Version 2.0 did not address test-level issues and was not compatible with Version 1, and because 2.1 was still under development, adoption of Version 2 was retarded.[citation needed] This was compounded in 2009 when IMS GLC withdrew the Version 2.1 draft and advised the user community that the only version "fully endorsed" by IMS GLC was 1.2.1, in effect also deprecating Version 2.0.[citation needed] Despite this, after several more drafts, 2.1 was finalized and released in 2012.[citation needed]

Version is 2.2, which was finalized in 2015, has subsequently had two minor revisions, 2.2.1 and 2.2.2, the latest of which was in November 2017.[citation needed] Version 2.2 updated and improved integration with W3C standards such as HTML5, SSML, PLS, CSS, ARIA, and MathML, and otherwise made relatively small changes to the Version 2.1 core specification.[citation needed]

Version 2.x is a significant improvement on Version 1, defining a new underlying interaction model.[citation needed] It is also notable for its significantly greater degree of integration with other specifications (some of which did not exist during the production of v1): the specification addresses the relationship with IMS Content Packaging v1.2, IEEE Learning Object Metadata, IMS Learning Design, IMS Simple Sequencing and other standards such as XHTML.[citation needed] It also provides guidance on representing context-specific usage data and information to support the migration of content from earlier versions of the specification.[citation needed] Version 3 is now available.[when?][citation needed]

IMS is now called 1EdTech.[according to whom?][citation needed]

Certification

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IMS offers certification of compliance to QTI standards, as noted in the table below. However, it is only offered to members of the consortium, and as of this date,[when?] costed US$ 1,000 to US$ 7,500 per year.[citation needed][3][failed verification] There is also a cost to certify your software, in addition to the membership cost.[citation needed] This effectively leaves open source projects without the ability to be certified.[original research?][citation needed]

Timeline

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DateVersionComments; Refs.
March 19990.5Internal to IMS.[citation needed]
February 20001.0 public draft[citation needed]
May 20001.0 final release[citation needed]
August 20001.01[citation needed]
March 20011.1[citation needed]
January 20021.2[citation needed]
March 20031.2.1 addendum[citation needed]
September 20032.0 charterInitiation of working group.[citation needed]
January 20052.0 final release[citation needed]
January 20062.1 public draft[citation needed]
July 20062.1 public draft version 2[citation needed]
March 20092.1 draft withdrawn, 2.0 deprecated[citation needed]
September 20122.1 final release[citation needed]
September 20152.2 final release[citation needed]
November 20172.2.2 revision of 2.2[citation needed]
May 20223.0 final release[citation needed]

Applications with IMS QTI support

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Name QTI version Type of tool Comment, Ref. License Certified
AssessmentQ[4] 2.1 Intuitive web-based e-assessment platform, supporting authoring, delivery, grading, reporting, analytics and certification. Supports import of QTI 2.1 files, PDF, XLIFF and Excel files.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
ATutor 1.2, 2.1 LCMS QTI 1.2; as of this date,[when?] QTI 2.1 export remains experimental.[5] ATutor is no longer maintained.[citation needed] GPL No[original research?]
Campfire Learning[6] 2.1, 2.2 Curriculum and assessment management platform Supports both import and export of QTI.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
Canvas by Instructure[7] 2.1 LMS 2.1, Import and export of QTI files, Support of authoring, item banking, and content delivery; since September 2023, New Quizzes supports exporting QTI 1.2.[8] AGPL Yes[9][independent source needed]
CSGrader[10] Not stated Digital Education tool for creating programing assignments for schools, universities, and bootcamps Does not support QTI.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
Chamilo 1.2, 2.0 LMS/LCMS Export QTI 1.2 & 2.0, import QTI 2.0 (1.2 disabled by default but available); supports SCORM 1.2.[citation needed] GPL No[original research?]
Classera[11] 2.2 Authoring [citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
Cognero[12] 1.2, 2.1 online assessment system providing online authoring, delivery, sharing, and reporting Import and export QTI 1.2, export QTI 2.1.[13] Proprietary Yes[9][independent source needed]
Desire2Learn[14] 1.2 LMS Can export IMS QTI 1.2, an online tool provides QTI 1.2 import.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
Examplary[15] 2.1, 3.0 Test authoring tool with AI editing support. Can export and import QTI 2.1 and 3.0 packages and Moodle XML.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
FastTest[16] 1.2, 1.2 (Pearson), 2.1 Single ecosystem for item authoring, form assembly, Angoff studies, online delivery, reporting, psychometric analysis, and computerized adaptive testing with item response theory Supports both imports and exports.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
GETMARKED[17] 2.1, 1.2 Browser-based AI tool that automatically convert any docx or pdf quiz or exam into QTI. Does not require pdf or word document to conform to any specific format. Supports exports to QTI 2.1, QTI 1.2, Blackboard Pool, Google Classroom and Moodle XML.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
GradeMaker[18] 2.1, 2.2 High stakes exam authoring tool for national Awarding Bodies and Higher Education with comprehensive workflow, versioning and auditing. Supports exports to QTI file and publishing direct to test players.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
ILIAS Not stated LMS Supports SCORM 1.2 and SCORM 2004.[citation needed] GPL No[original research?]
IMC[19] 1.2 LMS Supports both imports and exports.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
Inspera Assessment[20] 2.1, 2.2 Digital e-Assessment tool supporting authoring, delivering, marking and reporting, as well as providing learning analytics, computerized adaptive testing with item response theory. Supports exporting and importing tests and items in QTI 2.1 and 2.2. The tests and items authored in Inspera's system are stored and conducted using QTI 2.2.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
itslearning 2.1 LMS Supports QTI import.[citation needed] Proprietary Yes[9][independent source needed]
Learnosity 2.1 Suite of APIs, including assessment item rendering, assessment delivery, authoring and reporting tools Supports both imports and exports.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
Lectora Not stated Authoring tool Supports AICC, SCORM 1.2 and SCORM 2004.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
OpenOLAT 2.1 LMS / LCMS Implementation based on QTI 2.1, import/export QTI 2.1 supported, 12 different question types.[citation needed] Apache No[original research?]
Online Learning And Training 1.2 LCMS QTI 2.1 compliance can be achieved with ONYX as plugin.[citation needed] Apache No[original research?]
ONYX Testsuite[21] 1.2, 2.1 Assessment suite, consists of authoring, delivery and reporting tool Based on QTI 2.1, import/export QTI 1.2, import Blackboard/WebCT/OLAT.[citation needed] Proprietary Yes[22]
ONYX WebEditor[23] 1.2, 2.1 Online authoring tool (incl. converter and item-bank) Based on QTI 2.1, import/export QTI 1.2, import Blackboard/WebCT/OLAT.[citation needed] Proprietary Yes[22][independent source needed]
Remindo (by Paragin)[24] 2.1 E-assessment and itembanking platform (incl. secure exam player) for constructing, delivering, grading and distributing exams, assessments and formative tests. Based on QTI 2.1, import/export.[citation needed] Proprietary Yes[22][independent source needed]
Quiz/Survey/Test (QST)[25] 1/2/3 Complete Assessment Solution - Online and mobile, very scalable and secure. Question Bank, GradeBook, Free. Convert questions to different formats. Authoring, Delivery, Marking. Import QTI 1/2/3 files, Export QTI 2.2, Import/Export Moodle XML. From a simple mobile quiz to full proctored desktop testing to detailed analysis.[citation needed] GPL No[original research?]
QTImigration[26] 1.0, 2.0 Converts QTI v1 to QTI v2 [citation needed] BSD No[original research?]
QTI-SDK[27] 2.0, 2.1, 2.2 Software Development Kit aiming at providing tools to manipulate and deliver QTI assessments. An IMS QTI Software Development Kit for PHP 7.4 and higher supporting a wide range of features described by the IMS QTI specification family.[citation needed] GPL No[original research?]
QTIWorks[28] 2.1 System for managing, verifying and delivering assessments Development on system has ended.[when?][citation needed] BSD No[original research?]
QuestBase[29] Not stated Authoring tool and delivery system Free online tool that can import IMS QTI.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
QuestionMark Perception Not stated Authoring tool and delivery system Can export IMS QTI, an online tool provides QTI 1.2 import.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
Question Writer 2.0 Publisher Edition 1.2 Authoring tool Exports as QTI 1.2 and SCORM 1.2.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
Question Writer 3.5 Professional 1.2 Authoring tool Exports as QTI 1.2 and SCORM 1.2. Also specific QTI export for Pearson VUE.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
Rogō[30] 1.2 e-Assessment Imports/exports QTI 1.2 format questions.[citation needed] GPL No[original research?]
Sakai 1.2 LMS Import and export QTI 1.2 [31][32] ECL No[original research?]
SharePoint LMS[33] 1.2 LMS Can export IMS QTI 1.2, an online tool provides QTI 1.2 import.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
TAO[34] 2.1 Computer-based assessment platform Package achieves four areas of compliance in single platform, "Content" (validity of the packages produced/ingested), "Authoring" (ability to author and export valid QTI Items & Tests), "Delivery" (ability to deliver QTI Items & Tests), "Item/Test Bank" (ability to store, import, export QTI items & tests).[according to whom?][citation needed] GPL Yes[22][independent source needed]
Trifork—QTI Assessment Delivery Engine[35] 2.2 & 3.0 Delivery System QTI 2.2 & 3.0.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]
Trifork—QTI Editor[35] 2.2 & 3.0 Authoring tool QTI 2.2 & 3.0.[citation needed] Proprietary No[original research?]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Ball, Simon; Batchelor, Malcolm; Black, Amanda; Benfield, Greg; Knight, Sarah; McGill, Lou; Strivens, Janet & Toole, Tony (eds.) (2007). Effective Practice with e-Assessment Guide (PDF). Bristol, England: Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
  2. ↑ "1EdTech Consortium, Inc.—Specification Document License".[non-primary source needed][independent source needed]
  3. ↑ "Join the eAssessment Alliance | IMS Global Learning Consortium". Imsglobal.org. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  4. ↑ "assessmentQ – Close to you". Assessmentq.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  5. ↑ ATutor Question and Test Interoperability SupportArchived 2013-08-27 at the Wayback Machine in ATutor Wiki.
  6. ↑ "Campfire Learning | Powering Curriculum and Assessment Management". Campfirelearning.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  7. ↑ "Canvas by Instructure: World Leading LMS for Teaching & Learning". Instructure.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  8. ↑ "Exporting New Quizzes content as a QTI file for individual quiz exports". Community.instructure.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  9. 1 2 3 "Product Certifications | IMS Global".[independent source needed]
  10. ↑ "CSGrader is a tool for grading programming assignments". Web.archive.org. 16 February 2024.
  11. ↑ "Home". Classera.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  12. ↑ "Cognero Assessment Suite". Cognero.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  13. ↑ "Cognero Features". cognero.com. Madeira Station LLC. 2013. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2013. [...] imports QTI 1.2 and exports QTI 1.2 and 2.1 [...]
  14. ↑ "D2L | Online Learning Platform | Creators of the Brightspace LMS Software". D2l.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  15. ↑ "Examplary AI · AI made for teachers". Examplary.ai. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  16. ↑ "Online Testing Platform & Psychometrics". Assess.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  17. ↑ "Import any Word quiz into Canvas, Blackboard or Moodle in one-click". Digitaliser.getmarked.ai. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  18. ↑ "Homepage". GradeMaker.com. 1 July 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  19. ↑ "Scheer IMC - Transforming Enterprise Learning Into Business Success". Scheer-imc.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  20. ↑ "Inspera | Transition to Online Assessment & Online Proctoring". Inspera.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  21. ↑ "OPAL - Die Lernplattform, die mit Ihnen wächst". Bps-system.de. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "IMS GLC: CC/LTI Conformance Directory". Imsglobal.org. Retrieved 8 June 2014.[independent source needed]
  23. ↑ "ONYX Editor - Tests und Fragen online erstellen". Onyx-editor.org. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  24. ↑ "Remindo - The Complete Assessment and Exam Platform". Remindo.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  25. ↑ "Quiz/Survey/Test - QST". SourceForge.net. 10 August 2026. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  26. ↑ "Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting". Code.google.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  27. ↑ "oat-sa/qti-sdk". Github.com. 1 August 2026. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  28. ↑ "QTIWorks". Web.archive.org. 30 March 2014.
  29. ↑ "QuestBase - QuestBase". QuestBase.com. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  30. ↑ "ExamSys". Rogo-oss.nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  31. ↑ Sakai Import-Export Features, Confluence.sakaiproject.org
  32. ↑ Tests and Quizzes (aka. SAMigo), Confluence.sakaiproject.org
  33. ↑ "Zensai | Talent Management and Human Success in Microsoft 365". Zensai.com. 20 February 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  34. ↑ "Assessment Software | Open Source Assessment Platform". Taotesting.com.
  35. 1 2 "Assessible". Trifork.nl. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
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