index.md

title	Layouts in Flutter
shortTitle	Layout
description	Learn how Flutter's layout mechanism works and how to build your app's layout.

Overview

:::secondary What's the point?

• Layouts in Flutter are built with widgets.
• Widgets are classes used to build UIs.
• Widgets are also used to build UI elements.
• Compose simple widgets to build complex widgets. :::

The core of Flutter's layout mechanism is widgets. In Flutter, almost everything is a widget—even layout models are widgets. The images, icons, and text that you see in a Flutter app are all widgets. But things you don't see are also widgets, such as the rows, columns, and grids that arrange, constrain, and align the visible widgets. You create a layout by composing widgets to build more complex widgets.

Conceptual example

In the following example, the first screenshot displays three icons with labels and the second screenshot includes the visual layout for rows and columns. In the second screenshot, debugPaintSizeEnabled is set to true so you can see the visual layout.

Here's a diagram of the widget tree for the previous example:

Most of this should look as you might expect, but you might be wondering about the containers (shown in pink). Container is a widget class that allows you to customize its child widget. Use a Container when you want to add padding, margins, borders, or background color, to name some of its capabilities.

Each Text widget is placed in a Container to add margins. The entire Row is also placed in a Container to add padding around the row.

The rest of the UI is controlled by properties. Set an Icon's color using its color property. Use the Text.style property to set the font, its color, weight, and so on. Columns and rows have properties that allow you to specify how their children are aligned vertically or horizontally, and how much space the children should occupy.

:::note Most of the screenshots in this tutorial are displayed with debugPaintSizeEnabled set to true so you can see the visual layout. For more information, see Debugging layout issues visually. :::

Lay out a widget

How do you lay out a single widget in Flutter? This section shows you how to create and display a simple widget. It also shows the entire code for a simple Hello World app.

In Flutter, it takes only a few steps to put text, an icon, or an image on the screen.

1. Select a layout widget

Choose from a variety of layout widgets based on how you want to align or constrain a visible widget, as these characteristics are typically passed on to the contained widget.

For example, you could use the Center layout widget to center a visible widget horizontally and vertically:

Center(
  // Content to be centered here.
)

2. Create a visible widget

Choose a visible widget for your app to contain visible elements, such as text, images, or icons.

For example, you could use the Text widget display some text:

Text('Hello World')

3. Add the visible widget to the layout widget

All layout widgets have either of the following:

• A child property if they take a single child—for example, Center or Container
• A children property if they take a list of widgets—for example, Row, Column, ListView, or Stack.

Add the Text widget to the Center widget:

const Center(
  child: Text('Hello World'),
),

4. Add the layout widget to the page

A Flutter app is itself a widget, and most widgets have a build() method. Instantiating and returning a widget in the app's build() method displays the widget.

For a general app, you can add the Container widget to the app's build() method:

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  const MyApp({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      decoration: const BoxDecoration(color: Colors.white),
      child: const Center(
        child: Text(
          'Hello World',
          textDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
          style: TextStyle(fontSize: 32, color: Colors.black87),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

By default, a general app doesn't include an AppBar, title, or background color. If you want these features in a general app, you have to build them yourself. This app changes the background color to white and the text to dark grey to mimic a Material app.

For a Material app, you can use a Scaffold widget; it provides a default banner, background color, and has API for adding drawers, snack bars, and bottom sheets. Then you can add the Center widget directly to the body property for the home page.

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  const MyApp({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    const String appTitle = 'Flutter layout demo';
    return MaterialApp(
      title: appTitle,
      home: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(title: const Text(appTitle)),
        body: const Center(
          child: Text('Hello World'),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

:::note The Material library implements widgets that follow Material Design principles. When designing your UI, you can exclusively use widgets from the standard widgets library, or you can use widgets from the Material library. You can mix widgets from both libraries, you can customize existing widgets, or you can build your own set of custom widgets. :::

To create a Cupertino app, use the CupertinoApp and CupertinoPageScaffold widgets.

Unlike Material, it doesn't provide a default banner or background color. You need to set these yourself.

• To set default colors, pass in a configured CupertinoThemeData to your app's theme property.

• To add an iOS-styled navigation bar to the top of your app, add a CupertinoNavigationBar widget to the navigationBar property of your scaffold. You can use the colors that CupertinoColors provides to configure your widgets to match iOS design.

• To lay out the body of your app, set the child property of your scaffold with the desired widget as its value, like Center or Column.

To learn what other UI components you can add, check out the Cupertino library.

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  const MyApp({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return const CupertinoApp(
      title: 'Flutter layout demo',
      theme: CupertinoThemeData(
        brightness: Brightness.light,
        primaryColor: CupertinoColors.systemBlue,
      ),
      home: CupertinoPageScaffold(
        navigationBar: CupertinoNavigationBar(
          backgroundColor: CupertinoColors.systemGrey,
          middle: Text('Flutter layout demo'),
        ),
        child: Center(
          child: Column(
            mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
            children: [Text('Hello World')],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

:::note The Cupertino library implements widgets that follow Apple's Human Interface Guidelines for iOS. When designing your UI, you can use widgets from the standard widgets library or the Cupertino library. You can mix widgets from both libraries, you can customize existing widgets, or you can build your own set of custom widgets. :::

5. Run your app

After you've added your widgets, run your app. When you run the app, you should see Hello World.

App source code:

• Material app
• Non-Material app

---

Lay out multiple widgets vertically and horizontally

One of the most common layout patterns is to arrange widgets vertically or horizontally. You can use a Row widget to arrange widgets horizontally, and a Column widget to arrange widgets vertically.

:::secondary What's the point?

• Row and Column are two of the most commonly used layout patterns.
• Row and Column each take a list of child widgets.
• A child widget can itself be a Row, Column, or other complex widget.
• You can specify how a Row or Column aligns its children, both vertically and horizontally.
• You can stretch or constrain specific child widgets.
• You can specify how child widgets use the Row's or Column's available space. :::

To create a row or column in Flutter, you add a list of children widgets to a Row or Column widget. In turn, each child can itself be a row or column, and so on. The following example shows how it is possible to nest rows or columns inside of rows or columns.

This layout is organized as a Row. The row contains two children: a column on the left, and an image on the right:

The left column's widget tree nests rows and columns.

You'll implement some of Pavlova's layout code in Nesting rows and columns.

:::note Row and Column are basic primitive widgets for horizontal and vertical layouts—these low-level widgets allow for maximum customization. Flutter also offers specialized, higher-level widgets that might be sufficient for your needs. For example, instead of Row you might prefer ListTile, an easy-to-use widget with properties for leading and trailing icons, and up to 3 lines of text. Instead of Column, you might prefer ListView, a column-like layout that automatically scrolls if its content is too long to fit the available space. For more information, see Common layout widgets. :::

Aligning widgets

You control how a row or column aligns its children using the mainAxisAlignment and crossAxisAlignment properties. For a row, the main axis runs horizontally and the cross axis runs vertically. For a column, the main axis runs vertically and the cross axis runs horizontally.

The MainAxisAlignment and CrossAxisAlignment enums offer a variety of constants for controlling alignment.

:::note When you add images to your project, you need to update the pubspec.yaml file to access them—this example uses Image.asset to display the images. For more information, see this example's pubspec.yaml file or Adding assets and images. You don't need to do this if you're referencing online images using Image.network. :::

In the following example, each of the 3 images is 100 pixels wide. The render box (in this case, the entire screen) is more than 300 pixels wide, so setting the main axis alignment to spaceEvenly divides the free horizontal space evenly between, before, and after each image.

[!Row!](
  mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly,
  children: [
    Image.asset('images/pic1.jpg'),
    Image.asset('images/pic2.jpg'),
    Image.asset('images/pic3.jpg'),
  ],
);

App source: row_column

Columns work the same way as rows. The following example shows a column of 3 images, each is 100 pixels high. The height of the render box (in this case, the entire screen) is more than 300 pixels, so setting the main axis alignment to spaceEvenly divides the free vertical space evenly between, above, and below each image.

[!Column!](
  mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly,
  children: [
    Image.asset('images/pic1.jpg'),
    Image.asset('images/pic2.jpg'),
    Image.asset('images/pic3.jpg'),
  ],
);

App source: row_column

Sizing widgets

When a layout is too large to fit a device, a yellow and black striped pattern appears along the affected edge. Here is an example of a row that is too wide:

Widgets can be sized to fit within a row or column by using the Expanded widget. To fix the previous example where the row of images is too wide for its render box, wrap each image with an Expanded widget.

Row(
  crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.center,
  children: [
    [!Expanded!](child: Image.asset('images/pic1.jpg')),
    [!Expanded!](child: Image.asset('images/pic2.jpg')),
    [!Expanded!](child: Image.asset('images/pic3.jpg')),
  ],
);

App source: sizing

Perhaps you want a widget to occupy twice as much space as its siblings. For this, use the Expanded widget flex property, an integer that determines the flex factor for a widget. The default flex factor is 1. The following code sets the flex factor of the middle image to 2:

Row(
  crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.center,
  children: [
    Expanded(child: Image.asset('images/pic1.jpg')),
    Expanded([!flex: 2, child: Image.asset('images/pic2.jpg')),!]
    Expanded(child: Image.asset('images/pic3.jpg')),
  ],
);

App source: sizing

Packing widgets

By default, a row or column occupies as much space along its main axis as possible, but if you want to pack the children closely together, set its mainAxisSize to MainAxisSize.min. The following example uses this property to pack the star icons together.

Row(
  [!mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,!]
  children: [
    Icon(Icons.star, color: Colors.green[500]),
    Icon(Icons.star, color: Colors.green[500]),
    Icon(Icons.star, color: Colors.green[500]),
    const Icon(Icons.star, color: Colors.black),
    const Icon(Icons.star, color: Colors.black),
  ],
)

App source: pavlova

Nesting rows and columns

The layout framework allows you to nest rows and columns inside of rows and columns as deeply as you need. Let's look at the code for the outlined section of the following layout:

The outlined section is implemented as two rows. The ratings row contains five stars and the number of reviews. The icons row contains three columns of icons and text.

The widget tree for the ratings row:

The ratings variable creates a row containing a smaller row of 5-star icons, and text:

final stars = Row(
  mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
  children: [
    Icon(Icons.star, color: Colors.green[500]),
    Icon(Icons.star, color: Colors.green[500]),
    Icon(Icons.star, color: Colors.green[500]),
    const Icon(Icons.star, color: Colors.black),
    const Icon(Icons.star, color: Colors.black),
  ],
);

final [!ratings!] = Container(
  padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
  child: Row(
    mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly,
    children: [
      stars,
      const Text(
        '170 Reviews',
        style: TextStyle(
          color: Colors.black,
          fontWeight: FontWeight.w800,
          fontFamily: 'Roboto',
          letterSpacing: 0.5,
          fontSize: 20,
        ),
      ),
    ],
  ),
);

:::tip To minimize the visual confusion that can result from heavily nested layout code, implement pieces of the UI in variables and functions. :::

The icons row, below the ratings row, contains 3 columns; each column contains an icon and two lines of text, as you can see in its widget tree:

The iconList variable defines the icons row:

const descTextStyle = TextStyle(
  color: Colors.black,
  fontWeight: FontWeight.w800,
  fontFamily: 'Roboto',
  letterSpacing: 0.5,
  fontSize: 18,
  height: 2,
);

// DefaultTextStyle.merge() allows you to create a default text
// style that is inherited by its child and all subsequent children.
final [!iconList!] = DefaultTextStyle.merge(
  style: descTextStyle,
  child: Container(
    padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
    child: Row(
      mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly,
      children: [
        Column(
          children: [
            Icon(Icons.kitchen, color: Colors.green[500]),
            const Text('PREP:'),
            const Text('25 min'),
          ],
        ),
        Column(
          children: [
            Icon(Icons.timer, color: Colors.green[500]),
            const Text('COOK:'),
            const Text('1 hr'),
          ],
        ),
        Column(
          children: [
            Icon(Icons.restaurant, color: Colors.green[500]),
            const Text('FEEDS:'),
            const Text('4-6'),
          ],
        ),
      ],
    ),
  ),
);

The leftColumn variable contains the ratings and icons rows, as well as the title and text that describes the Pavlova:

final [!leftColumn!] = Container(
  padding: const EdgeInsets.fromLTRB(20, 30, 20, 20),
  child: Column(children: [titleText, subTitle, ratings, iconList]),
);

The left column is placed in a SizedBox to constrain its width. Finally, the UI is constructed with the entire row (containing the left column and the image) inside a Card.

The Pavlova image is from Pixabay. You can embed an image from the net using Image.network() but, for this example, the image is saved to an images directory in the project, added to the pubspec file, and accessed using Images.asset(). For more information, see Adding assets and images.

body: Center(
  child: Container(
    margin: const EdgeInsets.fromLTRB(0, 40, 0, 30),
    height: 600,
    child: Card(
      child: Row(
        crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
        children: [
          SizedBox(width: 440, child: leftColumn),
          mainImage,
        ],
      ),
    ),
  ),
),

:::tip The Pavlova example runs best horizontally on a wide device, such as a tablet. If you are running this example in the iOS simulator, you can select a different device using the Hardware > Device menu. For this example, we recommend the iPad Pro. You can change its orientation to landscape mode using Hardware > Rotate. You can also change the size of the simulator window (without changing the number of logical pixels) using Window > Scale. :::

App source: pavlova

---

Common layout widgets

Flutter has a rich library of layout widgets. Here are a few of those most commonly used. The intent is to get you up and running as quickly as possible, rather than overwhelm you with a complete list. For information on other available widgets, refer to the Widget catalog, or use the Search box in the API reference docs. Also, the widget pages in the API docs often make suggestions about similar widgets that might better suit your needs.

The following widgets fall into two categories: standard widgets from the widgets library, and specialized widgets from the Material library. Any app can use the widgets library but only Material apps can use the Material Components library.

Container : Adds padding, margins, borders, background color, or other decorations to a widget.

GridView : Lays widgets out as a scrollable grid.

ListView : Lays widgets out as a scrollable list.

Stack : Overlaps a widget on top of another.

Scaffold : Provides a structured layout framework with slots for common Material Design app elements.

AppBar : Creates a horizontal bar that's typically displayed at the top of a screen.

Card : Organizes related info into a box with rounded corners and a drop shadow.

ListTile : Organizes up to 3 lines of text, and optional leading and trailing icons, into a row.

CupertinoPageScaffold : Provides the basic layout structure for an iOS-style page.

CupertinoNavigationBar : Creates an iOS-style navigation bar at the top of the screen.

CupertinoSegmentedControl : Creates a segmented control for selecting.

CupertinoTabBar and CupertinoTabScaffold : Creates the characteristic iOS bottom tab bar.

Container

Many layouts make liberal use of Containers to separate widgets using padding, or to add borders or margins. You can change the device's background by placing the entire layout into a Container and changing its background color or image.

Summary (Container)

• Add padding, margins, borders
• Change background color or image
• Contains a single child widget, but that child can be a Row, Column, or even the root of a widget tree

Examples (Container)

This layout consists of a column with two rows, each containing 2 images. A Container is used to change the background color of the column to a lighter grey.

Widget _buildImageColumn() {
  return [!Container!](
    decoration: const BoxDecoration(color: Colors.black26),
    child: Column(children: [_buildImageRow(1), _buildImageRow(3)]),
  );
}

A Container is also used to add a rounded border and margins to each image:

Widget _buildDecoratedImage(int imageIndex) => Expanded(
  child: [!Container!](
    decoration: BoxDecoration(
      border: Border.all(width: 10, color: Colors.black38),
      borderRadius: const BorderRadius.all(Radius.circular(8)),
    ),
    margin: const EdgeInsets.all(4),
    child: Image.asset('images/pic$imageIndex.jpg'),
  ),
);

Widget _buildImageRow(int imageIndex) => Row(
  children: [
    _buildDecoratedImage(imageIndex),
    _buildDecoratedImage(imageIndex + 1),
  ],
);

You can find more Container examples in the tutorial.

App source: container

---

GridView

Use GridView to lay widgets out as a two-dimensional list. GridView provides two pre-fabricated lists, or you can build your own custom grid. When a GridView detects that its contents are too long to fit the render box, it automatically scrolls.

Summary (GridView)

• Lays widgets out in a grid
• Detects when the column content exceeds the render box and automatically provides scrolling
• Build your own custom grid, or use one of the provided grids:
  • GridView.count allows you to specify the number of columns
  • GridView.extent allows you to specify the maximum pixel width of a tile {% comment %}
• Use MediaQuery.of(context).orientation to create a grid that changes its layout depending on whether the device is in landscape or portrait mode. {% endcomment %}

:::note When displaying a two-dimensional list where it's important which row and column a cell occupies (for example, it's the entry in the "calorie" column for the "avocado" row), use Table or DataTable. :::

Examples (GridView)

Uses GridView.extent to create a grid with tiles a maximum 150 pixels wide.

App source: grid_and_list

Uses GridView.count to create a grid that's 2 tiles wide in portrait mode, and 3 tiles wide in landscape mode. The titles are created by setting the footer property for each GridTile.

Dart code: grid_list_demo.dart

Widget _buildGrid() => [!GridView!].extent(
  maxCrossAxisExtent: 150,
  padding: const EdgeInsets.all(4),
  mainAxisSpacing: 4,
  crossAxisSpacing: 4,
  children: _buildGridTileList(30),
);

// The images are saved with names pic0.jpg, pic1.jpg...pic29.jpg.
// The List.generate() constructor allows an easy way to create
// a list when objects have a predictable naming pattern.
List<Widget> _buildGridTileList(int count) =>
    List.generate(count, (i) => Image.asset('images/pic$i.jpg'));

---

ListView

ListView, a column-like widget, automatically provides scrolling when its content is too long for its render box.

Summary (ListView)

• A specialized Column for organizing a list of boxes
• Can be laid out horizontally or vertically
• Detects when its content won't fit and provides scrolling
• Less configurable than Column, but easier to use and supports scrolling

Examples (ListView)

Uses ListView to display a list of businesses using ListTiles. A Divider separates the theaters from the restaurants.

App source: grid_and_list

Uses ListView to display the Colors from the Material 2 Design palette for a particular color family.

Dart code: colors_demo.dart

Widget _buildList() {
  return [!ListView!](
    children: [
      _tile('CineArts at the Empire', '85 W Portal Ave', Icons.theaters),
      _tile('The Castro Theater', '429 Castro St', Icons.theaters),
      _tile('Alamo Drafthouse Cinema', '2550 Mission St', Icons.theaters),
      _tile('Roxie Theater', '3117 16th St', Icons.theaters),
      _tile(
        'United Artists Stonestown Twin',
        '501 Buckingham Way',
        Icons.theaters,
      ),
      _tile('AMC Metreon 16', '135 4th St #3000', Icons.theaters),
      const Divider(),
      _tile('K\'s Kitchen', '757 Monterey Blvd', Icons.restaurant),
      _tile('Emmy\'s Restaurant', '1923 Ocean Ave', Icons.restaurant),
      _tile('Chaiya Thai Restaurant', '272 Claremont Blvd', Icons.restaurant),
      _tile('La Ciccia', '291 30th St', Icons.restaurant),
    ],
  );
}

ListTile _tile(String title, String subtitle, IconData icon) {
  return ListTile(
    title: Text(
      title,
      style: const TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.w500, fontSize: 20),
    ),
    subtitle: Text(subtitle),
    leading: Icon(icon, color: Colors.blue[500]),
  );
}

---

Stack

Use Stack to arrange widgets on top of a base widget—often an image. The widgets can completely or partially overlap the base widget.

Summary (Stack)

• Use for widgets that overlap another widget
• The first widget in the list of children is the base widget; subsequent children are overlaid on top of that base widget
• A Stack's content can't scroll
• You can choose to clip children that exceed the render box

Examples (Stack)

Uses Stack to overlay a Container (that displays its Text on a translucent black background) on top of a CircleAvatar. The Stack offsets the text using the alignment property and Alignments.

App source: card_and_stack

Uses Stack to overlay an icon on top of an image.

Dart code: bottom_navigation_demo.dart

Widget _buildStack() {
  return [!Stack!](
    alignment: const Alignment(0.6, 0.6),
    children: [
      const CircleAvatar(
        backgroundImage: AssetImage('images/pic.jpg'),
        radius: 100,
      ),
      Container(
        decoration: const BoxDecoration(color: Colors.black45),
        child: const Text(
          'Mia B',
          style: TextStyle(
            fontSize: 20,
            fontWeight: FontWeight.bold,
            color: Colors.white,
          ),
        ),
      ),
    ],
  );
}

---

Card

A Card, from the Material library, contains related nuggets of information and can be composed of almost any widget, but is often used with ListTile. Card has a single child, but its child can be a column, row, list, grid, or other widget that supports multiple children. By default, a Card shrinks its size to 0 by 0 pixels. You can use SizedBox to constrain the size of a card.

In Flutter, a Card features slightly rounded corners and a drop shadow, giving it a 3D effect. Changing a Card's elevation property allows you to control the drop shadow effect. Setting the elevation to 24, for example, visually lifts the Card further from the surface and causes the shadow to become more dispersed. For a list of supported elevation values, see Elevation in the Material guidelines. Specifying an unsupported value disables the drop shadow entirely.

Summary (Card)

• Implements a Material card
• Used for presenting related nuggets of information
• Accepts a single child, but that child can be a Row, Column, or other widget that holds a list of children
• Displayed with rounded corners and a drop shadow
• A Card's content can't scroll
• From the Material library

Examples (Card)

A Card containing 3 ListTiles and sized by wrapping it with a SizedBox. A Divider separates the first and second ListTiles.

App source: card_and_stack

A Card containing an image and text.

Dart code: cards_demo.dart

Widget _buildCard() {
  return SizedBox(
    height: 210,
    child: [!Card!](
      child: Column(
        children: [
          ListTile(
            title: const Text(
              '1625 Main Street',
              style: TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.w500),
            ),
            subtitle: const Text('My City, CA 99984'),
            leading: Icon(Icons.restaurant_menu, color: Colors.blue[500]),
          ),
          const Divider(),
          ListTile(
            title: const Text(
              '(408) 555-1212',
              style: TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.w500),
            ),
            leading: Icon(Icons.contact_phone, color: Colors.blue[500]),
          ),
          ListTile(
            title: const Text('costa@example.com'),
            leading: Icon(Icons.contact_mail, color: Colors.blue[500]),
          ),
        ],
      ),
    ),
  );
}

---

ListTile

Use ListTile, a specialized row widget from the Material library, for an easy way to create a row containing up to 3 lines of text and optional leading and trailing icons. ListTile is most commonly used in Card or ListView, but can be used elsewhere.

Summary (ListTile)

• A specialized row that contains up to 3 lines of text and optional icons
• Less configurable than Row, but easier to use
• From the Material library

Examples (ListTile)

A Card containing 3 ListTiles.

App source: card_and_stack

Uses ListTile with leading widgets.

Dart code: list_demo.dart

---

Constraints

To fully understand Flutter's layout system, you need to learn how Flutter positions and sizes the components in a layout. For more information, see Understanding constraints.

Videos

The following videos, part of the Flutter in Focus series, explain Stateless and Stateful widgets.

Flutter in Focus playlist

---

Each episode of the Widget of the Week series focuses on a widget. Several of them include layout widgets.

Flutter Widget of the Week playlist

Other resources

The following resources might help when writing layout code.

Layout tutorial : Learn how to build a layout.

Widget catalog : Describes many of the widgets available in Flutter.

HTML/CSS Analogs in Flutter : For those familiar with web programming, this page maps HTML/CSS functionality to Flutter features.

API reference docs : Reference documentation for all of the Flutter libraries.

Adding assets and images : Explains how to add images and other assets to your app's package.

Zero to One with Flutter : One person's experience writing their first Flutter app.